Kev siv cov khoom siv roj fossil, uas tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab, ua rau lub ntiaj teb ua kom sov sov vim qhov tso tawm carbon dioxide (nrog rau lwm cov roj). Dhau li ntawm fossil fuels, muaj lwm yam kev pab cuam uas tsis yog rov tsim dua tshiab thiab yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau ntau yam laj thawj.
Txoj Kev Tsis Muaj Peev Xwm Rov Ntxiv Dua
Cov peev txheej uas tsis tau txuas dua tshiab yog cov peev txheej ntawm lub zog uas nws cov khoom siv lossis cov khoom khaws cia raug kho piav qhia Oregon State University. Cov no yog cov peev txheej uas tau siv thiab siv sai dua li qhov tsim tawm. Raws li Investopedia taw qhia, nws yuav siv ntau txhiab xyoo los tsim cov peev txheej no, ua rau lawv siv tsis tau. Raws li cov khoom siv txo qis, nws dhau los ua tsis muaj nyiaj siv rau lawv. Yog li ntawd rau cov tswv yim siv cov kev pab no yog finite. Kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab siv lwm cov khoom siv dua tshiab tuaj yeem pab txuas ntxiv lawv cov khoom siv tsawg. Nov yog qee qhov tseeb hais txog qhov tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv:
- BBC tshaj tawm xyoo 2014 tias ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev siv tsis txuas ntxiv xyoo ntawd, lub ntiaj teb yuav khiav tawm roj hauv 40 xyoo, roj hauv 50 xyoo thiab thee hauv 250 xyoo.
- Muaj txaus "cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis" ntawm cov pa roj ntsha tuaj yeem kav Tebchaws Meskas tau 93 xyoo ntawm 2014 tus nqi noj. Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem ntawm qhov no tsis yog "cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj" thiab kev siv lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua lag luam thiab siv tau zoo raws li 2016 US Environment Information Administration (EIA) tsab ntawv ceeb toom.
- Telegraph tshaj tawm tias lub ntiaj teb yuav tsis muaj roj thiab roj vim tias cov cuab yeej tshiab tuaj yeem txhim kho kev rho tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lees paub tias qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tam sim no hais txog kev siv cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv dua tshiab xws li hluav taws xob thiab hydrogen hauv tsheb, lossis rau lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, uas txo qhov kev thov thiab kev siv cov roj thiab roj tsawg tsawg.
Four Major Limited Energy Sources
Muaj plaub qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob tsis siv dua tshiab uas tau siv ntau zaus, hais tias EIA (Tsis Siv Tau Ntxiv). Thawj peb yog fossil fuels. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj eons dhau los. Fossils fuels tuaj yeem nyob hauv ib qho khoom, kua, lossis roj.
Fossil fuels xws li thee, natural gas, thiab crude oil siv ntau lab xyoo los tsim, hais txog National Geographic. Fossil fuels feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov pa roj carbon, vim lawv cov keeb kwm yog cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuag, algae thiab plankton uas nyob rau hauv hiav txwv lossis pas dej. Ntau pua lab xyoo sediments tau sau thiab muab faus rau hauv qab "tsim siab thiab cua sov." Qhov no maj mam hloov cov organic seem mus rau hauv thee, roj av thiab natural gas. Yog li thaum fossil fuels raug hlawv cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas tau khaws cia rau ntau lab xyoo raug tso tawm thiab ntxiv rau ib puag ncig.
Oil thiab Petroleum Products
BBC tshaj tawm tias cov roj reservoirs pom nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov pob zeb, uas tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm cov kav dej yooj yim. Environment and Energy Study Institute (EESI) hais tias cov roj crude kuj tshwm sim hauv shale thiab tar sands. Raws li cov reservoirs qhuav, industries tig mus rau hnyav crude roj nyob rau hauv tar sands thiab shale uas nyuaj dua, polluting thiab kim extract.
Raws li EIA (Non Renewable) piav qhia, cov roj crude yog ua tiav thiab refined los ua roj av derivatives (xws li roj los yog diesel), propane, butane, thiab ethane. Txhua yam tuaj yeem siv los ua roj / hluav taws xob. Ntau yam khoom siv tsis siv roj xws li yas, chiv, tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj siv cov roj crude ua cov khoom tseem ceeb raws li EESI.
Thaum cov roj tawm hauv av, nws ploj mus ib txhis. Lub ntiaj teb tuaj yeem ntxiv roj tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm geological spans.
Natural Gas
Zoo ib yam li cov roj crude, muaj ob hom roj av, piav txog Union of Concerned Scientists.
- Natural gas pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb ntxeem tau yooj yim tapping los ntawm qhov dej thiab kav dej.
- Unconventional natural gas xws li "shale gas, nruj gas, the coal bed methane, and methane hydrates, has been hard more and costly exploit than pamons deposits, mus txog rau tam sim no." Ob qho tib si shale roj thiab coal txaj methane roj tau muab rho tawm los ntawm fracking, thaum cov roj nruj siv cov kab rov tav drilling thiab methane hydrates raug kaw hauv dej khov hauv qab dej hiav txwv hauv Artic.
Natural gas yog siv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob, thiab raws li EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook, pab txhawb rau 34% ntawm lub zog hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas xyoo 2016. Nws kuj tseem siv rau cua sov thiab hluav taws xob rau cov tsev, raws li EESI. Ntau yam ntawm lwm yam khoom xav tau cov roj av rau kev tsim khoom, xws li chiv thiab yas.
Coal
Coal yog daim ntawv ntawm peb fossil fuels. Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Coal tau hais tias Tebchaws Meskas yog tus thib ob loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov thee tom qab Tuam Tshoj hauv xyoo 2014. Cov thee yuav tsum tau mined kom tshem tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab muaj ob hom kev mining:
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Coal Mine Surface miningproduces 66% of thee in America in 2015 as EIA's Annual Coal Report (Table 11). Txog li 90% ntawm cov thee nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw yog khawb tawm hauv av nrog cov tshuab tshwj xeeb, raws li World Coal Institute.
- Underground mining yog siv rau qhov tob tob tob. Chav-thiab-tus ncej, thiab cov phab ntsa ntev mining yog ob txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tawm los ntawm 40 mus rau 75% ntawm cov thee taw qhia World Coal Institute. Underground mining muab 34% ntawm cov thee hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas hauv 2015 raws li EIA cov ntawv tshaj tawm thee.
In 2016, thee tseem suav txog 30% ntawm lub zog hauv U. S., raws li EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook. Hauv xyoo dhau los hauv 2015, raws li EIA cov duab qhia, thee pom qhov poob qis hauv kev siv 15% hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas A 2016 Tus Saib Xyuas daim ntawv tshaj tawm suav tias qhov kev poob qis tshaj plaws rau kev muaj cov roj ntuj pheej yig, thiab qhov thib ob rau kev loj hlob ntawm cua thiab Hnub ci tsim hluav taws xob, nrog rau kev hais kom txo qis emissions, vim cov thee yog cov pa phem tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov roj.
Uranium
Uranium tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsis yog cov roj fossil raws li EIA (Tsis Siv Tau). Uranium yog ib hom hlau uas muaj nyob hauv cov kab yuav luag txhua qhov chaw sau ntawv World Nuclear Association (WNA). Nws muaj ntau dua kub lossis nyiaj.
High qib uranium yog muab rho tawm nrog "cov txuj ci mining xws li kev tshem tawm plua plav, thiab hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, cov txheej txheem tuav cov chaw taws teeb, txhawm rau txwv cov neeg ua haujlwm raug hluav taws xob thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm ib puag ncig thiab cov pej xeem," sau WNA.
Uranium yog siv nyob rau hauv nuclear zog nroj tsuag thiab nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Nuclear zog suav txog 20% ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas hauv 2016 raws li EIA Short Term Outlook. Zoo li cov fossil fuels, ib zaug uranium raug muab los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws hloov tsis tau.
Tsis yog Fossil Fuels
Txawm hais tias cov fossil roj hluav taws xob qhov chaw yog qhov chaw tshaj tawm uas tsis yog lub zog tauj dua tshiab, muaj lwm tus, xws li cov zaub mov, uas nws cov khoom raug kho. Indiana University piav qhia tias ntau cov zaub mov tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov hnub qub thiab thaum lub sij hawm tsim lub ntiaj teb thiab muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov core thiab crust. Tulane University sau tseg tias txog 20 txog 30 cov zaub mov tseem ceeb; ib co ua ke los tsim pob zeb. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov ntxhia no, cov pob zeb lossis cov pob zeb yog mined thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom zoo lossis ua tiav. Yog tias tib neeg yuav tsum tso tseg ib qho tseem ceeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li no, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem hloov lawv.
- Aluminium: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) tshaj tawm tias nws yog cov ntxhia hauv ntiaj teb thiab ua rau 8% ntawm nws. Cov hlau no yog tsim los ntawm bauxite. Nws yog siv los tsim "cov kaus poom, cov ntawv ci, cov tais diav hauv chav ua noj, qhov rais thav duab, npias kegs, thiab lub dav hlau qhov chaw." Ntau tshaj 30% ntawm nws yog recycled.
- Copper: Geology.com hais tias tooj liab yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tsim kho, lub zog thiab hluav taws xob cov khoom tsim, thiab ntau yam tshuab / tsheb ntau lawm txheej txheem. Txij li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho thiab kev xa hluav taws xob, qhov tsis txaus ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev lag luam. Tsuas yog 30% ntawm nws tam sim no rov siv dua. Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Michigan tau tshaj tawm tias nyob ib puag ncig "18,000 npaug ntau dua tooj liab" yog siv ib xyoos ntau dua li tsim los ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb.
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Hlau girders Iron: cuaj caum feem pua ntawm cov hlau ua tiav yog hlau thiab steel nws yog siv nyob rau hauv "architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments thiab jewellery," raws li RSC (Iron). RSC sau tseg tias muaj kev pheej hmoo nruab nrab hauv nws cov khoom siv.
- Silver: RSC (Silver) sau nyiaj yog ib yam hlau uas muaj nqi heev uas siv los ua jewellery, npib, thiab tableware. Nws muaj kev lag luam siv hauv kev ua iav, luam tawm circuits thiab "kev kho hniav alloys, solder thiab brazing alloys, hluav taws xob tiv tauj thiab roj teeb." Nees nkaum txhiab tons ntawm nws tau tsim txhua xyoo, thiab ntau dua 30% yog rov siv dua, yog li muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm cov khoom siv no.
- Gold: Xya caum yim feem pua ntawm nws siv los ua jewellery. Tus so yog siv los ua bullion thiab npib, thiab hauv electronics, computers, kho hniav, thiab aerospace applications, thiab lwm yam. Nws muaj qee qhov kev hloov pauv thiab cov khoom siv tsawg raws li Geology.com.
Non-Renewable Energy and Pollution
Muaj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv cuam tshuam nrog kev siv lub zog tsis txuas ntxiv.
Lub ntiaj teb sov sov
Kev kub nyhiab fossil fuels tau ua rau peb feem plaub ntawm emissions hauv 20 xyoo dhau los ua rau lub ntiaj teb sov sov, ceeb toom Energy. Gov. Raws li EESI petroleum, thee thiab natural gas yog lub luag haujlwm rau 42%, 32% thiab 27% ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob hauv tsev cog khoom hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas hauv xyoo 2014.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2014 txog 2016 lub ntiaj teb emissions tau nyob ruaj khov txawm tias kev lag luam tau nce 3% raws li Tus Saib Xyuas. Qhov no tau tshwm sim "txij li thaum Asmeskas siv roj thiab roj ntau dua hauv 2015, (tab sis) Tebchaws Meskas tau txo qis emissions los ntawm 2.6 feem pua raws li kev siv cov thee poob qis," Kev tshawb fawb Asmeskas sau tseg. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsim tawm tsawg dua piv rau cov thee lossis roj pom lub Union of Concerned Scientists.
He alth Issues
Thaum fossil fuels hlawv, lawv tso cov pa roj carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, feem me me thiab sulfur oxides rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua, raws li Union of Concerned Scientists (Hidden Costs). Cov pa phem yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv loj uas ua rau lub plawv nres, ua rau lub ntsws thiab lub plawv tsis zoo, mob hawb pob thiab mob ntsws, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Cov me nyuam mos, me nyuam yaus, thiab cov neeg laus muaj kev pheej hmoo tshwj xeeb.
Pollution
Siv fossil fuels ua rau huab cua muaj kuab paug, kua qaub los nag, nutrient pollution cuam tshuam rau huab cua, dej thiab av lees paub US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev rho tawm thiab thauj cov roj muaj, yav dhau los, ua rau cov roj nchuav thiab slicks, ua rau cov dej tsis zoo thiab ua rau lub ntuj raug txim ib puag ncig cov slicks thiab nchuav. Tsis tas li ntawd, mining, txoj kev rho tawm los ntawm cov thee, tsis tsuas yog tawm hauv cheeb tsam barren, tab sis cov minerals nyob ib ncig ntawm lub thee nws tus kheej yog acidic. Cov zaub mov no tau tso tseg tom qab kev khawb av, tawm hauv thaj chaw ua qias tuaj thiab tiv thaiv kev muaj peev xwm rau cov nroj tsuag tshiab kom loj hlob.
Nuclear zog yog kim, thiab nws cov pov tseg yog ib qho teeb meem thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj yav dhau los ua rau nws siv tsis tau, sau Greenpeace.
Lub Ntiaj Teb Zog Scenario
Txog txog thaum siv tau, ruaj khov thiab rov ua dua tshiab lub zog tau nthuav dav, kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis txuas ntxiv tseem yog qhov tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txwv tsis pub siv yog qhov zoo, thiab kev siv thoob ntiaj teb ntawm fossil fuels lub zog poob los ntawm 94.5% hauv xyoo 1970 txog 81% hauv 2014 raws li World Bank. Lub teb chaws zoo li lub teb chaws Yelemees tau tso tseg lub zog hluav taws xob nuclear thiab hloov mus rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab rau New York Times.
Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, fossil fuels ua ke tseem suav txog 81.5% ntawm lub zog tsim hauv xyoo 2015, raws li EIA. Hauv xyoo 2015, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv hnub ci kev lag luam thawj zaug tau dhau los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv roj thiab kev siv roj av raws li Bloomberg. Nws tuaj yeem muaj 36% lub zog los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm 2030 thiab ua tau raws li Paris 2015 cov lus cog tseg thoob ntiaj teb, raws li Tus Saib Xyuas.
Hloov Tus Cwj Pwm
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov neeg siv khoom xav tau ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis txuas ntxiv tau hloov pauv. Ntau tus neeg paub txog qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab fossil fuels muaj nyob rau ib puag ncig thiab tab tom pib siv cov kev ntsuas kom txo tau lawv cov pa roj carbon hneev taw. Ntau yam ntawm cov dej num no yooj yim thiab tsis tas yuav hloov txoj kev ua neej loj, xws li tua lub teeb (thiab siv lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob) thaum tawm hauv chav, siv lub hnub ci zog hauv tsev, thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lawv lub tsev. Cov tswv yim ntsuab nyob zoo li kev yuav cov roj av / hluav taws xob tsheb, tsav tsheb tsawg dua, txo kev siv cov yas, thiab qhov kawg tab sis qhov kawg, kev rov ua dua tshiab yog txoj hauv kev yooj yim los txo kev siv thiab txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv dua tshiab.
