Ib nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev ua tiav txhua txoj haujlwm rau kev tshawb fawb yog xam qhov koj nyeem. Daim ntawv teev npe yooj yim ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb, suav los ntawm University of Berkeley science glossary, tuaj yeem pab koj tau txais los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev lossis qhov project, loj lossis me.
Experimental Design
Yog li koj tau ua haujlwm ua ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb nrog kev tswj hwm thiab hloov pauv. Cov ntsiab lus no yog qhov yooj yim rau txhua qhov kev sim koj tsim.
- Control - Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev sim uas tsis hloov. Muaj kev tswj hwm tso cai rau koj ntsuas koj cov txiaj ntsig kom koj paub ntau npaum li cas qhov hloov pauv tau hloov pauv hauv qhov kev sim.
- Data - Cov ntaub ntawv koj sau hauv koj qhov kev sim.
- Kev sim - Kev sim koj ua kom pom tias koj qhov kev xav yog qhov tseeb lossis tsis raug.
- Kev xav -Koj qhov kev kwv yees zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev sim yuav tshwm sim. Qhov ua kom yuam kev los sau qhov kev xav zoo yog kom paub tseeb tias nws yog qhov ntsuas tau thiab muaj cov lus teb tseeb.
- Txheej Txheem - Cov kauj ruam koj siv hauv koj qhov kev sim.
- Kev Pom Zoo - Siv cov lus los piav txog qee yam uas koj pom hauv koj qhov kev sim.
- Quantitative Observation - Siv cov lej los piav txog qee yam uas koj pom hauv koj qhov kev sim.
- Variable - Ib qho kev sib txawv yog txhua yam ntawm qhov kev sim uas tuaj yeem ntsuas, tswj lossis hloov pauv. Yog tias qhov sib txawv yog qee yam koj tab tom hloov los ntsuas koj qhov kev xav, qhov sib txawv yog ywj siab. Yog tias qhov sib txawv yog qhov hloov pauv uas koj ntsuas, nws yog qhov sib txawv.
Biology
Feem ntau, biology yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov kev tshawb fawb uas koj kawm ua tub ntxhais kawm. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv sau cia rau feem ntau ntawm koj qhov kev nug tshawb fawb.
- Cell - Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev.
- Chlorophyll - Chlorophyll yog cov xim ntsuab pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam nroj tsuag, muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev teeb pom kev thiab "qhuav" cov nroj tsuag thaum lub sijhawm photosynthesis.
- Enzymes - Catalysts rau cov txheej txheem lom neeg, enzymes tswj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev.
- Evolution - Cov txheej txheem uas hom hloov pauv hloov mus rau lawv ib puag ncig.
- Habitat - Ib puag ncig uas ib txwm pom muaj.
- Invertebrate - Invertebrates yog tsiaj tsis muaj caj dab. Invertebrates muaj xws li kab mob xws li protozoa, annelids (worms), arachnids (kab laug sab), mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans thiab lwm yam kab.
- Mitochondria - qhov me me ntawm cov cell (organelles) uas hloov cov piam thaj rau hauv lub zog.
- Natural Selection - Cov txheej txheem uas cov tsiaj nyob hauv ib hom uas muaj qhov tsis txaus siab rau kev ciaj sia tuag, yog li ua rau tus tsiaj muaj qhov xav tau ntau dua. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov txheej txheem no pab piav qhia seb hom kab mob yuav hloov pauv li cas.
- Nucleus - Organelle uas muaj cov chromosomes. Nws feem ntau hu ua 'lub hlwb' ntawm ib lub xovtooj vim nws muaj cov lus qhia caj ces.
- Organelles - me me ntawm cov hlwb uas txhua tus muaj lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, mitochondria thiab nucleus yog ob qho tib si organelles.
- Pathogen - Tus kab mob ua rau tus kab mob.
- Photosynthesis - Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem cov nroj tsuag siv los hloov cov suab thaj thiab carbon dioxide rau hauv lub zog. Ib qho byproduct ntawm photosynthesis yog oxygen.
- Respiration - Cov kab mob muaj sia siv ua pa los tsim lub zog. Feem ntau, kev ua pa yuav tsum tau txais cov pa oxygen thiab tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide.
- Vertebrate - Vertebrates yog tsiaj nrog qaum. Vertebrates suav nrog ntses, noog, tsiaj txhu (nrog rau tib neeg), amphibians thiab tsiaj reptiles.
Genetics
Tseem yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev kawm txog biology, koj yuav pom cov ntsiab lus no ntau zaus thaum koj kawm txog cov kab mob li cas cov noob caj noob ces thiab qub txeeg qub teg.
- Allele - Ib daim ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov noob, lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv caj ces. Qee cov noob muaj ntau yam sib txawv, nyob ntawm tib lub noob hauv tib qhov chaw ntawm txhua chromosome.
- Chromosomes - DNA molecules uas muaj cov txheej txheem qhia yuav tsum tau tsim ib lub cell.
- Dominant Trait - Kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob tug alleles uas ib lub npog qhov ncauj qhia lwm tus.
- Gene - Ib chav tsev ntawm qub txeeg qub teg. (Genome yog lub npe sib sau siv rau cov noob caj noob ces.)
- Genotype - Kev tsim caj ces ntawm tus kheej.
- Heredity - Kev hloov ntawm qhov zoo ntawm ib tiam mus rau lwm tiam.
- Heterozygous - Xa mus rau tus neeg nqa cov khoom siv caj ces rau ob qho tib si ua tau zoo.
- Homozygous - Xa mus rau ib tug neeg nqa cov khoom siv caj ces rau ib qho kev zoo. Thaum niam txiv yog homozygous, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yuav tau txais qhov zoo.
- Mutation - Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj cai caj ces uas ua rau muaj qhov txawv txav tshiab lossis txawv txav.
- Phenotype - Observable yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug neeg.
- Punnet Square - Daim duab yooj yim los qhia tag nrho cov kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm cov noob caj noob ces uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm ob niam txiv.
- Recessive Trait - Thaum ob tug alleles ntawm tib lub noob qhia muaj nyob. Txij li tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi los npog qhov kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo.
- Reproduction - Tus txheej txheem los ntawm lub cev tshiab tsim.
- Zygote - Lub zygote yog lub sij hawm rau fertilized ovum.
Chemistry
Chemistry yog lub ntsiab lus hnyav. Cov ntsiab lus yooj yim no yuav pab tau koj los ntawm kev ua homework koj muaj.
- Txoj xoom xoom - Txoj kev xav, xoom xoom yog qhov ntsuas kub qis tshaj plaws. Thaum qhov kub no, tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm molecular yuav tso tseg.
- Acid - Cov kua qaub qis dua 7 ntawm pH nplai, hloov xiav litmus daim ntawv liab, yog qaub rau saj, thiab yields hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous (dej-raws li) tov. (Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab vinegar yog ob qho tib si acids.)
- Atomic naj npawb - Qhov no yog tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv ib lub atom. Nyob rau lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus, tus lej no nyob saum lub cim cim. Piv txwv li, tus lej atomic rau Hydrogen yog 2.
- Atomic symbol - Lub cim atomic yog tsab ntawv koj pom sawv cev rau txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj zaum.
- Atomic hnyav - Qhov hnyav atomic yog qhov hnyav nruab nrab ntawm ib lub atom. Tus lej no feem ntau nyob rau hauv qab lub cim atomic ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tag nrho cov ntawv teev sijhawm qhia cov ntaub ntawv no.
- Base - Lub hauv paus siab dua 7 ntawm pHscale thiab hloov xim liab litmus ntawv xiav. Hauv dej, lawv feem ntau xav tias slimy los yog nplua. Piv txwv ntawm cov hauv paus muaj xws li lye (rau xab npum ua), Tums los yog mis nyuj ntawm magnesia.
- Boiling point - Qhov kub thiab txias uas cov kua hloov mus ua vapor.
- Bond - Ib qho tshuaj txuas ntawm atoms.
- Catalyst - Technically, lub catalyst txo lub zog ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv cov lus laymen, lub catalyst yog cov khoom uas ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim.
- Electrons - Atomic hais nrog tus nqi tsis zoo.
- Element - Ib lub ntsiab yog tsim los ntawm atoms uas txhua tus muaj tib tus lej atomic. Piv txwv li, hydrogen thiab oxygen yog ob yam.
- Evaporation - Thaum cov khoom hloov pauv ntawm cov kua mus rau cov pa hauv qab nws cov ntsiab lus kub.
- Freezing Point - Qhov kub thiab txias uas cov kua hloov mus rau cov khoom.
- Mass - Qhov ntau ntawm cov teeb meem hauv lub cev.
- Molecule - Ib qho molecule yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm ib yam dab tsi uas khaws cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm tag nrho. Piv txwv li, ib tug dej molecule yog tsim los ntawm ob hydrogen atoms thiab ib tug oxygen atom.
- Neutron - Atomic hais tsis muaj hluav taws xob.
- Nucleus - Ib feem ntawm lub atom uas muaj cov protons thiab neutrons.
- pH Scale - Technically, pH nplai ntsuas hydrogen ion concentration. Yog tias cov khoom siv siab dua 7 ntawm pH nplai, nws suav tias yog lub hauv paus. Yog hais tias cov khoom muaj nqis siab tshaj 7 ntawm pH nplai, nws raug suav hais tias yog cov kua qaub. Cov dej ntshiab yuav ntsuas pH 7.
- Protons - Atomic hais nrog tus nqi zoo.
- Ntshav - Hauv cov ntsiab lus tshuaj, ntsev yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus.
- Tub kub - Cas ib lub cev kub npaum li cas thaum piv rau lwm tus.
Earth Science
Txoj kev kawm hauv ntiaj teb tsis yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb hauv tsev kawm xwb, tab sis koj tseem yuav khiav hla cov ntsiab lus no ntau heev thaum koj nyeem cov xov xwm.
- Atmosphere - Txheej ntawm gasses nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj chaw muab.
- Climate - Ib cheeb tsam huab cua piav qhia txog huab cua nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, huab cua sov yog feem ntau ntub thiab kub, nrog rau lub caij los nag.
- Constellation - Ib pawg hnub qub uas tshwm sim ua qauv saum ntuj.
- Core - Txheej sab hauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
- Eclipse - Ib feem los yog ua tiav thaiv ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm lwm tus xws li nyob rau hauv lub hli lossis hnub ci eclipse.
- Galaxy - Lub galaxy yog cov qauv loj uas muaj ntau txhiab lub hnub qub.
- Hydrologic or water cycle - Lub voj voog uas piav qhia tias dej txav ntawm dej hiav txwv mus rau qhov chaw mus rau thaj av thiab rov qab mus rau dej hiav txwv.
- Milky Way - Lub galaxy uas lub ntiaj teb nyob.
- Plate tectonics - Txoj kev xav hais tias lub ntiaj teb crust yog tawg mus rau hauv ob peb loj pieces thiab yog floating rau ib tug semi-molten mantle.
- Renewable resources - Cov peev txheej txuas dua tshiab yog cov peev txheej uas tuaj yeem hloov kho lawv tus kheej. Qee qhov piv txwv suav nrog hnub ci zog, dej tshiab thiab oxygen.
- Solar system - Lub hnub thiab lub cev uas ncig nws.
Physics
Physics yog ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas piav txog qhov tshwm sim uas koj pom thiab ua haujlwm nrog txhua hnub. Physics piav txog tej yam xws li ntog, lossis lub dav hlau ya li cas. Ua ib feem loj ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, nws tseem ceeb heev kom paub tseeb tias koj nkag siab nws cov ntsiab lus yooj yim.
- Acceleration - Feem ntau yuam kev los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv raws li 'kev nrawm,' acceleration yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm kev tshaj tawm. (Los ntawm qhov txhais no, koj tuaj yeem muaj qhov zoo lossis qhov tsis zoo.)
- Density - Qhov loj ntawm ib yam khoom muab faib los ntawm nws ntim.
- Electric tam sim no - ntws ntawm electrons los ntawm ib tug conductor.
- Energy - Lub peev xwm ua haujlwm.
- Fission - Spliting lub nucleus thiab atom rau hauv me me.
- Force - Ib qho kev nqis tes ua uas yuav ua kom lub cev nrawm nrawm ntawm lub zog siv.
- Kev sib txhuam - Qhov chaw sib cuam tshuam li cas ntawm ib leeg lossis kev ntsuas ntawm kev tiv thaiv thaum ib tus nto swb tawm tsam lwm tus.
- Fusion - Kev koom ua ke ntawm ob lub atomic nuclei.
- Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus - Lub attraction uas txhua lub cev muaj rau ib leeg.
- Half-life - Lub sij hawm nws yuav siv rau theem ntawm radioactivity nyob rau hauv ib lub caij yuav tsum tau txiav nyob rau hauv ib nrab.
- Inertia - Txoj cai ntawm inertia kuj yog Newton thawj txoj cai ntawm kev txav. Inertia yog qhov nyiam rau lub cev kom nyob twj ywm thaum nws so, lossis kom txav mus yog tias nws txav mus, tshwj tsis yog lub zog sab nraud ua raws li lub cev hais.
- Kinetic zog - Kinetic zog yog lub zog ib yam dab tsi muaj thaum nws nyob rau hauv motion.
- Lens - Lub lens hloov lub teeb. Convex lo ntsiab muag tsom teeb pom kev thaum lub teeb pom kev sib txawv.
- Lub teeb - Lub teeb yog qhov pom ntawm cov electromagnetic spectrum. Lub teeb dawb yog ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov xim saum toj no.
- Magnet - Lub cev uas tsim cov hlau nplaum. Tag nrho cov hlau nplaum yog di-pole thiab ua raws li txoj cai uas cov ncej uas zoo sib xws, tab sis cov ncej uas tsis zoo li nyiam.
- Momentum - Cov khoom ntawm huab hwm coj lub sijhawm tshaj tawm.
- Newton's Laws of Motion: Cov no yog cov cai yooj yim ntawm physics uas pab cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees txoj kev ntawm ib yam khoom. Lawv yog:
- Ib lub cev thaum so zoo li nyob so; lub cev nyob rau hauv kev txav mus los yuav nyob twj ywm.
- Lub acceleration ntawm lub cev yog proportional rau lub zog siv. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm lub universal formula: Force=mass × acceleration.
- Rau txhua qhov kev ua, muaj qhov sib npaug thiab tawm tsam.
- Muaj Peev Xwm Zog - Tus nqi ntawm lub zog siv tau hauv lub cev thaum so.
- Strain - Lub deformation ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug thov load.
- Stress - Kev ntsuas ntawm lub zog ua rau lub cev.
- Torque - Lub siab nyiam ntawm lub cev tig raws li lub zog siv..
- Veocity - Tus nqi hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub sijhawm.
- Viscosity - Cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau xav tias viscosity yog cov kua tuab npaum li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, nws raug txhais raws li kev sib txhuam sab hauv ntawm cov kua dej. Cov kua dej tuab muaj viscosity siab thaum cov kua dej nyias nyias muaj viscosity tsawg.
- Nyhav - Lub gravitational quab yuam exerted rau ib pawg.
- Ua haujlwm - Hauv physics, kev ua haujlwm yog thaum lub zog siv rau ib yam khoom kom nws txav mus. Koj tuaj yeem txhais tau tias ua haujlwm li lub zog xa mus rau qhov system.
Tsim Cov Lus Txhais thiab Nco Cov Lus Qhia
Kev paub cov ntsiab lus yooj yim yuav pab tau cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kawm science yooj yim dua. Txhawm rau kawm cov ntsiab lus sai, nco ntsoov cov ntsiab lus uas koj tsis paub, thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev nco lawv los ntawm kev ua flashcards thiab tshuaj xyuas tas li.
