German Suav teb tau xav tau los ntawm cov neeg sau khoom rau ze li peb caug xyoo. Thaum nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntev los kawm txog Tuam Tshoj ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, pib nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus yuav pab koj nkag siab yuav ua li cas paub thiab ntsuas tus kheej daim.
German China History
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov ntsiab lus suav teb thiab cov plooj (porcelain) yog siv sib hloov. Cov mis mos ceramic yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv tsis pub lwm tus paub rau ntau tshaj 350 xyoo, thiab tsuas yog cov chaw ua haujlwm suav ua thiab xa tawm nws. Nyob rau hauv 1708, Johann Friedrich Bottger, ib tug German alchemist, stumbled hla lub zais cia rau ua nyuaj paste porcelain. Raws li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawd, Augustus Lub Zog ntawm Saxony tau tsim lub Hoobkas Meissen porcelain, lub Hoobkas qub German plooj (porcelain) tseem nyob hauv, thiab qee lub sijhawm tsim khoom ntawm German npias steins.
Makers ntawm Antique German Tuam Tshoj
Nrog txoj kev vam meej ntawm Meissen tuaj qhib ntau lub tuam txhab plooj (porcelain factories) raws li cov thawj coj ntawm ntau lub xeev German thiab cheeb tsam vied los ua tus thawj tswj hwm European thiab Asmeskas kev lag luam. Ntau lub npe nrov hauv kev lag luam porcelain tau pib hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
- Frankenthal porcelain tau tsim muaj nyob rau hauv 1755 hauv Frankenthal, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab nto moo rau nws cov duab zoo nkauj. Lub Hoobkas vam meej nyob rau hauv 18thcentury, thiab thaum qee cov ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom qub tau raug xa tawm, thawj lub Hoobkas Frankenthal tsis ua haujlwm lawm. Cov duab tau lees paub los ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag zoo li menyuam roj hmab thiab arched puag. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo li siab, thiab feem ntau tuaj yeem ncav cuag siab dua $ 3,000. Lub backstamp muaj xws li tsov ntxhuav lossis lub kaus mom, ua rau lub tsev muaj koob muaj npe.
- Konigliche Porzellan Manufaktur tseem hu ua K. P. M. Lub tuam txhab tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1763 los ntawm Frederick lub Great uas tau txiav txim siab tias cov plooj (porcelain) zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Cov backstamps txawv ntawm cov kab dawb mus rau scepters, crowns, thiab orbs. Lub tuam txhab tau tsim cov tais diav, cov duab kos, thiab cov khoom los ntawm 18th xyoo pua uas tau ua kom zoo nkauj thiab pleev xim rau tes. K. P. M. cov plooj (porcelain) tseem tuaj yeem yuav tau qis dua $ 100, txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb tseem tuaj yeem siab tshaj $ 1, 000 lossis ntau dua.
- Tau yuav luag ib puas xyoo, Meissen Suav teb tau tsim cov plooj (porcelain) zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Ib feem ntawm Meissen txoj kev vam meej yog cov khoom zoo nkauj uas siv rau cov khoom los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Johann Horoldt, Johann Kandler, thiab Michael Victor Acier. Blue Dos los ntawm Meissen tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1700s, thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau theej thiab luam tawm cov qauv qub Suav teb. Interestingly, tsis muaj dos nyob rau hauv xiav thiab dawb tsim, tsuas yog stylized asters, peonies, txiv duaj, thiab pomegranates uas tau yuam kev rau dos. Cov nqi rau Meissen qub tuaj yeem siab heev thiab cov khoom me me tuaj yeem hais kom $ 3,000 lossis ntau dua. Meissen backstamps siv sijhawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev kawm los ua tus tswv vim muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm "hla rab ntaj," thiab tseem muaj ntau daim ntawv theej thiab forgeries. Lub vev xaib artiFacts muaj qee qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm cov qhab nia qhabnias.
- Villeroy & Boch tau tsim cov plooj (porcelain thiab pottery) txij thaum 18th xyoo pua, thiab lawv tseem nyob hauv khw. Koj tuaj yeem pom lawv cov backstamps thiab impressions uas suav nrog "Made in Germany," "Mettlach," thiab "V&B", thiab lwm yam.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ntau lub tuam txhab German suav teb tau tso tseg. Tom qab loj kaolin deposits tau pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Selb, Bavaria, ib tshooj tshiab nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm German porcelain factories pib. Tuam Tshoj ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees lub sij hawm no yog tsim rau cov pej xeem es tsis yog rau cov nom tswv thiab aristocrats. Ntau lub tuam txhab nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab mus rau lig 1800s tseem tsim zoo nkauj German Tuam Tshoj nrog zoo-paub npe xws li Goebel, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1871 thiab yog paub zoo tshaj plaws rau Hummel figurines ntawm German cov me nyuam. Goebel backstamps suav nrog lub npe, lub kaus mom, lub hli, thiab muv. Tus nqi rau Hummel figurines tuaj yeem pib ntawm $ 20, txawm hais tias tsis tshua muaj daim ntawv txib ntau txhiab daus las.
Made in Germany? Qub lossis Tshiab?
Kev txheeb xyuas Suav teb German siv kev tshawb fawb, ua siab ntev, kawm, thiab xyaum. Ib daim yuav muaj qee yam xim, cov duab lossis cov qauv tsim uas muaj cov lus qhia rau lub Hoobkas uas ua rau nws, tab sis txoj kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws los txiav txim siab yog tias ib daim ntawm Tuam Tshoj ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees yog lub backstamp.
- Backstamps yog cov cim uas tshwm nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub ceramic los txheeb xyuas cov chaw tsim khoom. Lub backstamp tuaj yeem yog tes kos, stamped, lossis incised (them rau hauv cov av nplaum ceramic.) Lub backstamp feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv glaze thiab feem ntau sawv cev rau lub tuam txhab lub cim lossis lub npe.
- Backstamps tseem tuaj yeem qhia koj lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom, raws li cov duab ntawm lub thwj, thiab cov tuam txhab hloov cov thwj cim feem ntau los cuam tshuam cov tswv cuab tshiab lossis hloov tshiab.
- "Ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees" yog thawj zaug siv nyob rau hauv 1887 raws li ib tug txoj kev los sib txawv German plooj (porcelain) los ntawm lus Askiv porcelain, uas yog heev nrov thiab sib tw nrog British manufacturers. Txawm li cas los xij, ib zaug "Ua Hauv Lub Tebchaws Yelemees" tau ntaus cim rau ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), cov neeg yuav khoom tau saib rau qhov ntawd ua lub cim ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab feem ntau nyiam nws vim nws feem ntau txhais tau tias ib daim tau tsim zoo thiab tus nqi zoo.
- Nyob rau xyoo 1949, tseemfwv tebchaws Yelemes sab hnub tuaj muaj lawv cov tuam txhab siv "Made in German Democratic Republic" lossis "Made in GDR." Cov tuam txhab German sab hnub poob tau hloov lawv cov cim rau "Made in West Germany." Thaum lub teb chaws Yelemees rov sib sau ua ke hauv 1989, "Made in Germany" backstamp tau rov kho dua.
- Lwm qhov teeb meem xav txog thaum txheeb xyuas German plooj (porcelain) yog tias lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj ntau lub xeev los ntawm ntau pua xyoo. Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, thiab lwm thaj chaw kuj sawv cev rau Tuam Tshoj ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tej zaum koj yuav tsis pom lub cim "Made in Germany", tab sis cov khoom tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau ntawd.
- Ntawm qhov siab ntawm kev tsim khoom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj ntau pua lub chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw ua haujlwm. Ntau tus ntawm lawv cov npe siv "huab tais," lossis lawv rov siv cov npe thaum tsim cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab. Nws tuaj yeem tsis meej pem thaum sim txheeb xyuas leej twg ua dab tsi, thiab qhov twg thiab thaum twg lawv ua. Ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no yog lub vev xaib, Porcelain Marks thiab Ntau, uas muab cov npe ua tiav ntawm lub xeev German thaum ntxov, cov npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, cov lus piav qhia ntawm txhua lub chaw tsim khoom, thiab cov duab ntawm txhua lub cim siv los ntawm lub tuam txhab. Tseem muaj ib ntu ntawm cov tuam txhab German tom qab nrog tib cov ntaub ntawv.
- Yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav ib qho khoom qub ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) uas yog "Ua hauv Tebchaws Yelemees," koj yuav tsum tau yuav yam tsawg kawg yog 100 xyoo, raws li US Customs Service. Ib daim plooj (porcelain) uas muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 100 xyoo tuaj yeem hu ua antique (uas yog ib lub sij hawm hloov tau yooj yim), tab sis vim muaj kev cai lij choj, lub cim xyoo pua yog official.
Spotting Fakes and Copys
Vim tias qee tus German plooj (porcelain) tsis tshua muaj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, kev lag luam tau raug dej nyab nrog cov khoom cuav thiab cov ntawv luam uas tuaj yeem dag cov neeg sau tshiab. Tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev los qhia seb ib daim ntawm German Tuam Tshoj yog qhov qub lossis tshiab, tab sis ntawm no yog qee cov lus qhia los pab kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib cav tsis zoo.
- Antique German Tuam Tshoj feem ntau qhia txog kev hnav. Saib rau scuffs nyob rau hauv qab ntug los yog ib co glaze crackle. Yog tias ib daim zoo li tshiab tawm ntawm lub thawv, tab sis nws tau teev tias yog ib qho khoom qub, ceev faj.
- Txhua lub sijhawm muaj qhov zoo nkauj sib txawv, yog li cov xim uas siv niaj hnub no hauv German Suav teb yuav tsis zoo ib yam li cov xim uas siv xyoo 1870. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej txog ib daim, kos nws cov xim tiv thaiv cov duab ntawm daim qub thiab ceev faj ntawm ntau yam xim txawv.
- Yog hais tias lub teeb pom kev sib sib zog nqus los yog hnyav hnyav, nws yuav yog kev tsim tawm.
Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau hnub tim ib daim porcelain yog los ntawm kev paub, thiab qhov ntawd yuav siv sijhawm tshawb fawb, sijhawm, thiab kev siv zog kom tau. Kev mus xyuas tsev cia puav pheej, khw muag khoom qub thiab cov yeeb yam yuav muab sijhawm rau koj kom pom cov piv txwv nyob ze, thiab qhov no tuaj yeem pab koj kawm seb yuav nrhiav dab tsi los ntawm qee lub Hoobkas. Nco ntsoov - txawm tias cov kws tshaj lij tau dag qee zaum.
Kev Qhia Txog Tus Kheej thiab Nqe Lus Qhia
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Antique tshuaj yej khob Gerold Porzellan Collector lub vev xaib muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab cov duab ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) uas tsis tshua muaj thiab sau tau hauv German. Muaj cov duab zoo heev rau kev txheeb xyuas thiab kawm.
- Lub International Ceramics Directory muaj ntau qhov txuas mus rau German porcelain websites, nrog rau cov npe backstamp, keeb kwm, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv hais txog qub thiab tshiab factories.
- Daim Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm European Porcelain los ntawm Ludwig Danckert yog qhov siv tau zoo yog tias koj xav taug qab cov chaw tsim khoom, keeb kwm, thiab cov cim. Txawm hais tias tsis luam tawm, muaj ntau cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm cov chaw hauv online, xws li Amazon lossis American Book Exchange.
- Txawm hais tias sau nyob rau hauv 1876, Phau Ntawv Qhia ntawm Cov Cim ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob thiab Cov Porcelain sau ntau cov ntawv qub qub. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv online, dawb tsab.
- Kovels.com teev ntau lub cim rau German factories, tab sis qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xaib no yog los ntawm kev koom tes nkaus xwb.
Cov nqe lus hauv qab no thiab cov lus qhia qhia txog tus kheej muaj nyob hauv cov khw muag ntawv online:
- Meissen Porcelain Identification and Value Guide by Jim Harrison thiab Susan Harran suav nrog cov tuam txhab keeb kwm, cov lus piav qhia ntawm daim, thiab cov npe ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam uas ua haujlwm rau Meissen.
- R S Prussia & Ntau Schlegelmilch Porcelain Featuring Cob alt los ntawm Mary J. McCaslin tham txog cov khoom uas tsim los ntawm ib lub tuam txhab paub txog nws cov khoom zoo nkauj plooj (porcelain decorations) thiab xim xiav tob tob.
- Phau Ntawv Meissen (Ib Phau Ntawv Schiffer rau Cov Sau) los ntawm Robert E. Rontgen muaj cov duab zoo heev thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom qub tsis tshua muaj los ntawm Meissen Hoobkas.
- Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Thiab Cov Plooj Voos los ntawm Chad Lage muaj rau kev yuav khoom hauv online thiab yog cov lus qhia zoo tshaj plaws rau cov plooj (porcelain marks) hauv Asmeskas thiab Europe. Cov duab ntshiab thiab cov npe tag nrho ntawm backstamps yuav pab koj hnub tim ib daim lossis txheeb xyuas lub chaw tsim khoom.
Nkauj lom zem
German plooj (porcelain), rau tag nrho nws cov ilv saib, tau kav ntev li 300 xyoo. Txawm hais tias "Made in Germany" cim tshwm ntawm qee daim, tsis txhob siv qhov ntawd raws li koj qhov kev qhia tsuas yog khaws cov plooj (porcelain). Hloov chaw, siv sijhawm los paub txog cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam uas tsim cov plooj (porcelain) thiab txaus siab rau kev kawm txog cov neeg tsim qauv, qauv, thiab cov dab neeg tom qab cov tsim tsis yooj yim no.
